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Wood, natural composite material that forms the trunks of trees, and that has
been used for thousands of years as a fuel and as a material of building construction.
Technically, the term wood includes similar materials in other parts of the
plant, including even the so-called veins in leaves, but only those portions
of wood which have commercial importance are discussed in this article.Bristol Stair & Joinery Co. joiners in bristol,joiner, traditional joinery,wood turning,stair newels, staircase makers, stair spindles, staircase balustrades, specialist joiners, staircase handrails, stair base rails, stair spirals, stair parts, dado railsarchitecture,stair part,spirals,door,garage door french door back door entry door exterior door patio door interior door window and door front door entrance door custom door dado rails,handrails stair handrails wood deck handrails product turning wood turning supply
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For the botanical aspects of wood, including its structure and growth, see
Tree; Xylem. For growth and distribution, see Forest. For the cultivation
of trees for wood, see Forest Conservation and Management. For the cutting
of trees and the manufacture of timber, see Timber Industry. II. Grain and
StructurePrint section The typical markings, called grain, that are found
on all types of natural wood are due to the structure of the wood. Wood consists
essentially of fine cellular ducts or tubes, which carry water and dissolved
minerals from the roots to the leaves, and which are thus arranged more or
less vertically within the trunk. When the wood is cut parallel to the axis
of the trunk, straight-grained timber is usually produced. In some trees,
however, the ducts are helical; that is, they twist around the trunk as they
ascend. Such trees produce cross-grained timber, which is also obtained from
ordinary trees when the cut is not parallel to the axis of the trunk. Many
woods have prominent annual rings. The trunk of a tree does not grow in length,
except at its tip, but does grow in width. The only portion of the trunk that
is engaged in active growth is the cambium, a thin layer entirely surrounding
the trunk. In trees of the Temperate Zone, the cambium lays down new wood
during the spring and summer, and in most trees the early wood is more porous
and therefore lighter in colour than the wood produced later in the season.
The trunk of a tree is thus surrounded each year by a new pair of concentric
sheaths, one darker than the other. Although the thin layer of cambium is
the only part of the trunk that is alive in the sense that it is engaged in
active growth, living cells are also interspersed among the xylem cells of
the sapwood. As the tree grows older, however, the central portion of the
trunk dies completely; the ducts become plugged with gums or resins, or merely
air. This central part of the trunk is called heartwood. The internal changes
are accompanied by changes in colour typical of the species of trees, so that
the heartwood is usually darker than the sapwood.
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